Quick to Learn OpenGL

Introduction to Computer Graphic
   Graphic computer is a field that learn how to produce an image using a computer. So the computer graph will be discussed drawing techniques.Graphic produce computer-software software design graphics at this time is very powerful. Graphic computer software with the GUI (graphics user interface) that is easy and fun.

Graphic vs Image Processing

Computer Graphic difference, namely:

• Graphic computer generate an image
• Material contains drawing techniques
• The result image

Image Processing is the difference, namely:

• Image processing to make a picture
• Include techniques to improve the material and presents the information from the image
• The result can be images or information

Photos vs. Pictures
The difference is in the photo:

• Photos from the resulting capture (take) a picture of
• Details of any complete object, for example, the number of cats caught in the stash is.

The difference is in the image:

• Image generated from the process of imitation or
• Details tidaklengkap, for example, who want to calculate the number of new mustache cat is described in accordance with the amount

Benefit Computer Graphic (Software Graphics)

• Games and Entertainment
• Graphic Design
• Graph Visualization and Monitoring
• CAD (Computer Aided Design)
• GUI (Graphics User Interface)
• Image Processing

In the Graphic Materials 1:

• Primitive Drawing
• Object Dimensions Graphic 2
• Transformation 2 Dimensions
• Object Graphic 3 Dimensions
• Transformation 3 Dimensions
• Visible and Invisible
• Shading
• Z-Order

In the Graphic Materials 2:

• Z-Order and Z-buffer
• Morphing
• Color Map
• Texture Map
• Curve
• Camera View
• Graphic Tranformasi geometry

Recognize OpenGL Graphics Library
OpenGL graphics library is a standard that is used needs to graphical programming. In addition to OpenGL, the graphics library used is Direct-X. OpenGL is Open-Source, multi-platform and multi-language. Currently, all programming languages support OpenGL and OpenGL can work in Windows environment, Unix, SGI, Linux, FreeBSD, etc.
Library is the basis of OpenGL GLUT, with facilities that can be developed. For the Windows operating system, this library consists of 3 files, namely:
- Glut.h
- Glut32.lib
- Glut32.dll
How to Install GLUT Library as follows:

1. Copykan file glut.h in the folder c: \ Program Files \ Microsoft Visual Studio \ VC98 \ Include \
2. GLCopykan file glut32.lib in the folder c: \ Program Files \ Microsoft Visual Studio \ VC98 \ lib
3. Copykan file glut32.dll in the folder c: \ Windows \ System32

Understanding Graphical Programming
Graphical programming is programming that is used to produce images on a computer using the library. Technic-programming technique is based on graphical techniques to portray the geometry as a basic structure is a graphical programming data. Result visualization graphics.

Basic Structure of Graphics Programming Using C + +
-------------------------------------------------- ------------
# include < GL/glut.h >
userdraw void (void)
(
/ / This is the place to draw
)

void display (void)
(
glClear (GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
userdraw ();
glutSwapBuffers ();
)

intmain (intargc, char ** argv)
(
glutInit (& argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_DOUBLE GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowPosition (100.100);
glutInitWindowSize (640.480);
glutCreateWindow ( "Drawing by RachmanArdyansyah");
glClearColor (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
gluOrtho2D (-320., 320th, -240.0, 240.0);
glutIdleFunc (display);
glutDisplayFunc (display);
glutMainLoop ();
return 0;
)
-------------------------------------------------- -----------
# include < GL/glut.h >
Graphical programming using OpenGL-GLUT header need glut.h existing in folder
c: \ Program Files \ Microsoft Visual Studio \ VC98 \ bin \ GL

GLvoid userdraw (void)
(
/ / This is place to draw
)
Userdraw function is a function to create program code to produce an image.

glutInitWindowPosition (100.100);
glutInitWindowSize (640.480);
Creating windows with size (640.480) with the top left of the dots placed on the window position (100.100) Is the computer.

glutCreateWindow ( "Drawing By RachmanArdyansyah");
Title on the windows with the "Drawing By RachmanArdyansyah".

glClearColor (1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0);
Defines the color of windows created with the color (1,1,1) is white.

gluOrtho2D (-320., 320th, -240., 240th);
Defining the size of the system of coordinates with the range is sumbux [-320.320], and range for the y axis is [-240.240].

Bipolar vs Unipolar the Stepper Motor

Motor Stepper Theory 

 Stepper motor is the electric motor is controlled with a digital free-free, not to provide a voltage continuously. Cartenarian balance shaft is translated into rounds, where each round requires a specified number of credits. One free round result in one step increase, which is part of a full lap. therefore, the calculation of the amount of credits can be applied to obtain the desired number of rounds. Calculation of credit automatically show amount of rounds have been done, without requiring the information back (feedback).

  The accuracy of the stepper motor control movement primarily influenced by the number of rounds each step; the more the number of step, the more precise the resulting movement. For higher accuracy, several stepper motor drivers to share a half-step normal step (half step) or micro-step.

 Part of the stepper motor that is arranged on the rotor, stator, bearing, casing and the wick. Axis is the specialty of the rotor axis which is the center of the rotor, so that when the rotor rotates rotary axis participate.Stator has two parts, namely the core and coil plate. From the core plate stepper motor usually ignites with the casing. Stepper motor casing made of aluminum and this functions as a bearing holder and the stator is handle of four baud. In the motor stepper has two bearing fruit that is bearing the top and the bottom bearing.

 In the stepper motor is generally a written specification of Np (= credits / rotation). While the speed of credit expressed as pps (= credit per second) and speed of play is generally written as ω (= rotation / min or rpm). Turn the stepper motor speed (rpm) to expression can use the free speed (pps). Because 1 rotation = 360 degrees. 

Basically the stepper motor are grouped into 3 types, namely: 

a. Permanent Magnet (PM)

   Appropriate name, version formed PM stepper motor has a rotor permanent magnets. Usually have low speed, the tool with torque low angle and large steps, can be 45 or 90 degrees. 

b. Variable Reluctance (VR)

   Stepper motor of this type of rotor has a unique shape that is cylindrical and the unit has all the serration has a relationship with the pole-pole stator.Magnet on the rotor does not use this type of permanent magnet. Stator twist by winding so that at the time flow, will result in stator magnet poles. Number of serration on the rotor will determine the steps, or step motor. Differences version formed PM stepper motor with the motor version formed VR VR torque have a relatively smaller compared with the stepper motor version formed PM. Another thing that you can view the remaining magnetic is very small so that when the stepper motor does not flow then when torque have not played against that. Step angle stepper motor version formed VR that varies up to about 30o. Version formed VR stepper motor has a small torque.Often found in the printer and instruments factory that light that does not require a large torque.

 As in the picture above, the motor has 3 pairs of stator poles (A, B, C) a separate set of 15 degrees. Cash flowed to the pole through a motor winding that causes the magnetic tug parallel rotor teeth to pole A. If we give the energy to pole B will cause the rotor rotates 15 degrees parallel polar B. This process will continue to pole C and A to pole back with counter-clockwise direction.

c. Permanent Magnet - Hybrid (PM-H)

   Hybrid permanent magnet stepper motor was a refinement in which the stepper motor has a speed 1000 step/sec but also has torque large enough can be said that the PM-H stepper motor is a combination of PM and VR stepper motor. Motor hybrid combines the best characteristics of the motor and variable reluktantion permanent magnet motor. Motor is built with the stator pole teeth and many-rotor permanent magnet. Motor has 200 standard hybrid rotor teeth and rotate at 1.8 degree step angle. Due to the dynamic and high torque and rotates with the speed of the motor this high using on the application that is very knowledgeable. 

View from the stepper motor twisted divided into 2 types, namely: 

a. Stepper Motor Unipolar

   Stepper motor consists of two unipolar winding that has a center tap. Center tap of each coil is in the form of a separate cable that is also connected to center tap so that there is only one cable exit. For the stepper motor in the center tap each - each twist input have cable 6 cable.However, if the center tap already connected in the cable input only 5 cable. Center tap of the stepper motor can be connected to grounding or that there are also connecting it to VCC + this is influenced by the driver used.

b. Bipolar Stepper Motor

   Bipolar stepper motor has two types of winding differential is that in the unipolar type bipolar twister a does not have a center tap. Benefits of the bipolar type have torque greater if compared with the unipolar type size for the same. In the stepper motor type is the cable only has four entries. However for movement type stepper motor is more complex compared to the stepper motor movement type unipolar.

For more details, visit the following website:

http://www.ittelkom.ac.id/ library / index.php? view = art icle & catid = 16% 3Amikroproce ssorkontroller & id = 27% 3Amot or-stepper & option = com_cont ent & Itemid = 15

Torque vs Force vs Inertia Moment Formula

Force vs Torque

 An object that can still move forwards because of the Force. Similarly an object that are moving can stop or decrease speed as there is Force. For example a car at first silent. After the engines start and the driver add throttle, the car is moving. In this case the car is moving because the style of push generated by the engine. Cars that are moving can also stop if the driver pressing brake pedal. In this case, stop the car because there is friction between the tire style and canvas. We can conclude that the movement is influenced by the style of the car. Gurumuda explain that this is the case for the movement forwards.

 If in a straight movement, object movement is influenced by the style, the movement in the rotation, movement of objects is influenced by torque. About Torque already described in gurumuda main criticism torque. Torque bigger, faster objects rotation. Instead the small torque, the more things slow rotation. for example, initially silent object (corner speed = 0). If the object is done torque, objects that rotation with a certain speed corner. In this case, the object changes speed corner (from the still to be rotation). Changes speed angle = angle acceleration. The greater torque, the greater the acceleration angle. Otherwise the small torque, the small corner of the acceleration. In other words, the alias torque comparable proportionate straight angle with the acceleration.

Mass vs Inertia Moment

 As described in gurumuda main criticism Inertia moment, in the true mass movement can be defined as an object's ability to maintain speed. If the object is moving at a certain speed, hard object stops if the large mass objects. Coupled to a truck being stopped moving more difficult than with a taxi. Conversely, if things are quiet (speed = 0), objects are also difficult moved if mass large. For example if we are kicking marbles and football with the strength (style) the same, then, of course, marbles will move more quickly, while football will move more slowly. This is because the mass is smaller marbles, the mass football more. So in addition is influenced by the style, movement of objects is also determined by the mass.

 Movement in the rotation, in addition affected by torque, rigid object rotation movement is also influenced by the moment inertia. For example there are two rigid objects, objects are called A and B. A moment of inertia have a larger, while the object B has a moment inertia smaller. If the second object torque this is done the same, then the object A to move more slowly while the object B moving faster. This is because objects have a moment inertia greater. by the way, moment inertia a rigid object is determined by the position of rotation axis, the mass and the square of the distance each particle composer object axis of rigid rotation. about this already gurumuda explain the main criticism Inertia moment.

 At first the still objects (speed angle = 0). Once done torque, rotation objects with a certain speed corner. in this case, the object changes speed corner (from the still to be rotation). speed change angle = angle acceleration.Based on the illustration of objects A and B above, we can say that the big moment inertia, the small corner of the acceleration. So moments inertia proportionate to the upside acceleration angle.

For more details visit the website:

http://www.gurumuda.com/2009/02/hukum-ii-newton-untuk-gerak-rotasi/